In vitro

The phrase is Latin for in glass. In MMP13 research it covers several set-ups:

• purified enzyme tests, which showed what MMP13 cuts and which inhibitors block it (Knäuper 1996; Fosang 1996);
• human cartilage cells from donors, provoked with a trigger such as IL-1 beta or glucose (Forsyth 2005; Jain 2024);
• cell lines, cells grown indefinitely in culture, such as the chon-001 and SW1353 lines (Hsu 2022; Chiu 2016);
• explants, pieces of cartilage kept alive in a dish (Blain 2010).

In vitro work is good at showing mechanism. It can't show what happens after a compound is swallowed, absorbed and carried to a joint. Concentrations in a dish often don't match what reaches tissue, and some studies found effects that reversed at high doses (Derfoul 2007).

Sources

1. Knäuper V, López-Otin C, Smith B et al. Biochemical characterization of human collagenase-3. J Biol Chem 1996.
   PMID 8576151DOI 10.1074/jbc.271.3.1544Our summary
2. Fosang AJ, Last K, Knäuper V et al. Degradation of cartilage aggrecan by collagenase-3 (MMP-13). FEBS Lett 1996.
   PMID 8603731DOI 10.1016/0014-5793(95)01539-6Our summary
3. Forsyth CB, Cole A, Murphy G et al. Increased matrix metalloproteinase-13 production with aging by human articular chondrocytes in response to catabolic stimuli. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2005.
   PMID 16183949DOI 10.1093/gerona/60.9.1118Our summary
4. Jain L, Bolam SM, Monk P et al. Elevated glucose promotes MMP13 and ADAMTS5 production by osteoarthritic chondrocytes under oxygenated but not hypoxic conditions. J Cell Physiol 2024.
   PMID 38595042DOI 10.1002/jcp.31271Our summary
5. Hsu HC, Ke YL, Lai YH et al. Chondroitin Sulfate Enhances Proliferation and Migration via Inducing β-Catenin and Intracellular ROS as Well as Suppressing Metalloproteinases through Akt/NF-κB Pathway Inhibition in Human Chondrocytes. J Nutr Health Aging 2022.
   PMID 35297475DOI 10.1007/s12603-022-1752-5Our summary
6. Chiu PR, Hu YC, Huang TC et al. Vitamin C Protects Chondrocytes against Monosodium Iodoacetate-Induced Osteoarthritis by Multiple Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2016.
   PMID 28035982DOI 10.3390/ijms18010038Our summary
7. Blain EJ, Ali AY, Duance VC. Boswellia frereana (frankincense) suppresses cytokine-induced matrix metalloproteinase expression and production of pro-inflammatory molecules in articular cartilage. Phytother Res 2010.
   PMID 19943332DOI 10.1002/ptr.3055Our summary
8. Derfoul A, Miyoshi AD, Freeman DE et al. Glucosamine promotes chondrogenic phenotype in both chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells and inhibits MMP-13 expression and matrix degradation. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2007.
   PMID 17337215DOI 10.1016/j.joca.2007.01.014Our summary

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